In Dysfunctional Families, Is It Unlikely That a Child Will Experience Scapegoating or Abuse.

Blazon of family unit

A dysfunctional family affects familial ties and creates conflicts in the same family space.

A dysfunctional family is a family in which conflict, misbehavior, and often child neglect or abuse on the office of private parents occur continuously and regularly, leading other members to accommodate such actions. Children sometimes grow upwards in such families with the understanding that such a state of affairs is normal. Dysfunctional families are primarily a issue of two adults, one typically overtly calumniating and the other codependent, and may also exist affected past substance abuse or other forms of addiction, or sometimes by an untreated mental affliction. Parents having grown up in a dysfunctional family unit may over-correct or emulate their own parents. In some cases, the dominant parent will corruption or neglect their children and the other parent will not object, misleading a kid to presume arraign.^[ane]

Perceptions and historical context [edit]

A common misperception of dysfunctional families is the mistaken belief that the parents are on the verge of separation and divorce. While this is true in a few cases, frequently the marital satisfaction is very strong as the parents' faults actually complement each other.^[2] In short, they accept nowhere else to go. However, this does non necessarily mean the family's situation is stable. Whatever major stressor, such as relocation, unemployment/underemployment, concrete or mental affliction, natural disaster, etc., tin can cause existing difficulties affecting the children to go much worse.^{[3] [ need quotation to verify ]}

Dysfunctional families pervade all strata of society regardless of social, fiscal or intellectual status.^{[ commendation needed ]} Even so, until recent decades,^{[ timeframe? ]} professionals (therapists, social workers, teachers, counselors, clergy, etc.) did not take the concept of a dysfunctional family seriously , peculiarly non with reference to the heart and upper classes. Any intervention would have been seen^{[ by whom? ]} every bit violating the sanctity of marriage and increasing the probability of divorce, which was socially unacceptable at the fourth dimension.^{[ when? ]} Historically, club expected the children of dysfunctional families to obey their parents (ultimately the father), and to cope with the situation alone.^{[4] [ failed verification ] [5] [ need quotation to verify ]}

Examples [edit]

Dysfunctional family members have common features and beliefs patterns equally a outcome of their experiences within the family structure. This tends to reinforce the dysfunctional beliefs, either through enabling or perpetuation. The family unit unit can be afflicted by a variety of factors.^[6]

Common features [edit]

About universal [edit]

Some features are common to most dysfunctional families:

• Lack of empathy, understanding, and sensitivity towards certain family unit members, while expressing extreme empathy or appeasement towards one or more than members who have real or perceived "special needs". In other words, one family fellow member continuously receives far more than they deserve, while another is marginalized.
• Denial (refusal to admit abusive beliefs, possibly assertive that the situation is normal or even beneficial; also known as the "elephant in the room".)
• Inadequate or missing boundaries for cocky (e.thou. tolerating inappropriate treatment from others, failing to express what is acceptable and unacceptable treatment, tolerance of physical, emotional or sexual abuse.)
• Boldness of others' boundaries (east.g. physical contact that other person dislikes; breaking important promises without merely cause; purposefully violating a boundary another person has expressed.)
• Extremes in conflict (either too much fighting or insufficient peaceful arguing betwixt family unit members.)
• Unequal or unfair handling of one or more family members due to their birth lodge, gender, age, family role (female parent, etc.), abilities, race, caste, etc. (may include frequent appeasement of 1 member at the expense of others, or an uneven/inconsistent enforcement of rules.)

Not universal [edit]

Though not universal among dysfunctional families, and by no means exclusive to them, the following features are typical of dysfunctional families:

• Abnormally loftier levels of jealousy or other controlling behaviors.
• Conflict influenced by marital condition:
  • Between separated or divorced parents, usually related to, or arising from their breakup.
  • Disharmonize between parents who remain married, often for the perceived "sake" of the children, but whose separation or divorce would in fact remove a detrimental influence on those children (must be evaluated on a case-past-case basis, as a breakup may harm children.)
  • Parents who wish to divorce, but cannot due to fiscal, societal (including religious), or legal reasons.
• Children afraid to talk (within or outside the family) almost what is happening at home, or are otherwise fearful of their parents.
• Abnormal sexual behavior such as adultery, promiscuity, or incest.
• Lack of time spent together, specially in recreational activities and social events ("We never do annihilation as a family unit.")
• Parents insist that they treat their children fairly and equitably when that is not the case.
• Family members (including children) who disown each other, or pass up to be seen together in public (either unilaterally or bilaterally.)

Specific examples [edit]

In many cases, the following would crusade a family unit to be dysfunctional:^[7]

• Families with older parents or immigrant parents who cannot cope with changing times or a different culture.
• A parent of the same sex never intercedes in father–daughter/mother–son relations on behalf of the kid.
• Children who have no contact with the extended family unit of their female parent or male parent due to disharmony, disagreement, prejudice, feuding, etc.
• A family with one or more rebellious children at whom parents are chronically angry, wherein non-rebellious children accept to "walk on eggshells" to avoid spillover effects of the parents' acrimony.
• An intense rift, extending beyond mere disagreement of opinion to personal animosity between family members regarding credo (e.k. children's disagreement with their parents' religious behavior; a family member having an ballgame while other members sharply object; parents who support their land being at war, while children do non.)

Laundry List [edit]

The Laundry List is core literature of the program Adult Children of Alcoholics. It comprises fourteen common traits of an developed child of an alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional family:

1. Nosotros became approval seekers and lost our identity in the process.
2. We are frightened past aroused people and whatever personal criticism.
3. Nosotros either get alcoholics, marry them or both, or find some other compulsive personality such every bit a workaholic to fulfill our sick abandonment needs.
4. We alive life from the viewpoint of victims and we are attracted by that weakness in our love and friendship relationships.
5. We have an overdeveloped sense of responsibility and it is easier for us to be concerned with others rather than ourselves; this enables us not to expect too closely at our own faults, etc.
6. We get guilt feelings when nosotros stand up upwards for ourselves instead of giving in to others.
7. We became fond to excitement.
8. We confuse love and pity and tend to "dear" people nosotros can "pity" and "rescue."
9. We take "blimp" our feelings from our traumatic childhoods and accept lost the ability to feel or express our feelings because it hurts so much (denial).
10. Nosotros estimate ourselves harshly and accept a very depression sense of cocky-esteem.
11. Nosotros are dependent personalities who are terrified of abandonment and will do anything to hold on to a relationship in order not to experience painful abandonment feelings, which we received from living with sick people who were never there emotionally for united states.
12. Alcoholism is a family illness, and we became para-alcoholics and took on the characteristics of that disease fifty-fifty though nosotros did not pick up the drink.
13. Para-alcoholics are reactors rather than actors.

Parenting [edit]

Unhealthy signs [edit]

Unhealthy parenting signs, which could lead to a family condign dysfunctional include:^[viii]

• Unrealistic expectations
• Ridicule^[9]
• Conditional dear^[nine]
• Disrespect;^[9] particularly antipathy.
• Emotional intolerance (family members not allowed to express the "wrong" emotions.)^[nine]
• Social dysfunction or isolation^[9] (for example, parents unwilling to reach out to other families—especially those with children of the same gender and guess age, or practise nothing to help their "friendless" child.)
• Stifled spoken language (children not allowed to dissent or question authorization.)^[9]
• Denial of an "inner life" (children are not allowed to develop their own value systems.)^[9]
• Being nether- or over-protective
• Apathy ("I don't intendance!")
• Belittling ("Yous tin can't do anything right!")
• Shame ("Shame on you!")
• Bitterness (regardless of what is said, using a bitter tone of vocalism.)
• Hypocrisy ("Exercise every bit I say, not as I do.")
• Lack of forgiveness for small misdeeds or accidents
• Judgmental statements or demonization ("You are a liar!")
• Being overly critical and withholding proper praise. (experts say 80–90% praise, and x–twenty% constructive criticism is the about healthy.)^{[10] [11]}
• Double standards or giving "mixed messages" by having a dual arrangement of values (i.e. one set for the exterior world, another when in private, or teaching divergent values to each child.)
• The absentee parent (seldom available for their child due to piece of work overload, alcohol/drug abuse, gambling, or other addictions.)
• Unfulfilled projects, activities, and promises affecting children ("We'll practise it later.")
• Giving to one kid what rightly belongs to another
• Gender prejudice (treats one gender of children fairly; the other unfairly.)
• Give-and-take and exposure to sexuality: either likewise much, too soon or as well picayune, too tardily
• Faulty subject based more on emotions or family unit politics than on established rules (e.m., punishment by "surprise".)
• Having an unpredictable emotional state due to substance abuse, personality disorder(southward), or stress
• Parents always (or never) have their children's side when others report acts of misbehavior, or teachers report problems at school
• Scapegoating (knowingly or recklessly blaming one child for the misdeeds of another)
• "Tunnel vision" diagnosis of children'south problems (for example, a parent may think their child is either lazy or has learning disabilities afterwards he falls behind in school despite recent absenteeism due to disease.)
• Older siblings given either no or excessive authorisation over younger siblings with respect to their age difference and level of maturity.
• Frequent withholding of consent ("blessing") for culturally common, lawful, and age-appropriate activities a kid wants to have part in
• The "know-it-all" (has no demand to obtain kid's side of the story when accusing, or listen to child's opinions on matters which greatly impact them.)
• Regularly forcing children to attend activities for which they are extremely over- or under-qualified (e.g. using a preschool to babysit a typical ix-year-old boy, taking a young child to poker games, etc.)
• Either being a miser ("scrooge") in totality or selectively allowing children'due south needs to get unmet (e.g. a father volition non purchase a bicycle for his son because he wants to save money for retirement or "something important".)
• Disagreements nearly nature and nurture (parents, often non-biological, blame common bug on kid's heredity, when faulty parenting may be the actual crusade.)

Dysfunctional styles^[12] [edit]

"Children every bit pawns" [edit]

One common dysfunctional parental behavior is a parent's manipulation of a child in lodge to reach some result adverse to the other parent's rights or interests. Examples include verbal manipulation such as spreading gossip about the other parent, communicating with the parent through the child (and in the process exposing the child to the risks of the other parent's displeasure with that communication) rather than doing and so directly, trying to obtain information through the child (spying), or causing the child to dislike the other parent, with insufficient or no business for the damaging effects of the parent's behavior on the child. While many instances of such manipulation occur in shared custody situations that have resulted from separation or divorce, information technology can likewise take identify in intact families, where it is known equally triangulation.

Listing of other dysfunctional styles [edit]

• "Using" (destructively narcissistic parents who rule past fear and conditional love.)
• Abusing (parents who use physical violence, or emotionally, or sexually corruption their children.)
• Perfectionist (fixating on lodge, prestige, power, or perfect appearances, while preventing their kid from failing at anything.)
• Dogmatic or cult-like (harsh and inflexible subject field, with children not allowed, within reason, to dissent, question authority, or develop their own value organization.)
• Caitiff parenting (going to extremes for one kid while continually ignoring the needs of some other.)
• Deprivation (control or neglect by withholding love, support, necessities, sympathy, praise, attention, encouragement, supervision, or otherwise putting their children'due south well-being at gamble.)
• Abuse amid siblings (parents neglect to intervene when a sibling physically or sexually abuses another sibling.)
• Abandonment (a parent who willfully separates from their children, non wishing whatever further contact, and in some cases without locating alternative, long-term parenting arrangements, leaving them equally orphans.)
• Appeasement (parents who reward bad behavior—even by their ain standards—and inevitably punish some other child'southward adept beliefs in order to maintain the peace and avoid temper tantrums. "Peace at any price.")
• Loyalty manipulation (giving unearned rewards and lavish attention trying to ensure a favored, even so rebellious kid volition exist the one almost loyal and well-behaved, while subtly ignoring the wants and needs of their virtually loyal child currently.)
• "Helicopter parenting" (parents who micro-manage their children's lives or relationships among siblings—especially small conflicts.)
• "The deceivers" (well-regarded parents in the community, probable to be involved in some charitable/non-profit works, who corruption or mistreat one or more of their children.)
• "Public image director" (sometimes related to above, children warned to not disembalm what fights, abuse, or damage happens at home, or face astringent punishment "Don't tell anyone what goes on in this family".)
• "The paranoid parent" (a parent having persistent and irrational fearfulness accompanied by acrimony and false accusations that their kid is up to no good or others are plotting harm.)
• "No friends allowed" (parents discourage, prohibit, or interfere with their child from making friends of the same age and gender.)
• Function reversal (parents who expect their minor children to take care of them instead.)
• "Not your concern" (children continuously told that a detail blood brother or sister who is often causing issues is none of their business.)
• Ultra-egalitarianism (either a much younger child is permitted to exercise whatsoever an older kid may, or an older child must look years until a younger child is mature enough.)
• "The guard domestic dog" (a parent who blindly attacks family unit members perceived equally causing the slightest upset to their esteemed spouse, partner, or kid.)
• "My baby forever" (a parent who volition not allow one or more of their young children to grow up and begin taking care of themselves.)
• "The cheerleader" (one parent "cheers on" the other parent who is simultaneously abusing their child.)
• "Forth for the ride" (a reluctant de facto, step, foster, or adoptive parent who does not truly care about their not-biological child, but must co-exist in the aforementioned domicile for the sake of their spouse or partner) (Come across also: Cinderella result).
• "The politician" (a parent who repeatedly makes or agrees to children'southward promises while having little to no intention of keeping them.)
• "It's taboo" (parents rebuff whatever questions children may take about sexuality, pregnancy, romance, puberty, certain areas of human anatomy, nudity, etc.)
• Identified patient (1 child, usually selected by the mother, who is forced into going to therapy while the family's overall dysfunction is kept hidden.)
• Münchausen syndrome past proxy (a much more extreme situation than above, where the kid is intentionally fabricated ill by a parent seeking attending from physicians and other professionals.)

Dynamical [edit]

Coalitions are subsystems inside families with more rigid boundaries and are thought to be a sign of family dysfunction.^[thirteen]

• The isolated family unit member (either a parent or child up confronting the balance of the otherwise united family.)
• Parent vs. parent (frequent fights amongst adults, whether married, divorced, or separated, conducted away from the children.)
• The polarized family (a parent and one or more than children on each side of the conflict.)
• Parents vs. kids (intergenerational conflict, generation gap or culture stupor dysfunction.)
• The balkanized family unit (named after the three-manner war in the Balkans where alliances shift back and forth.)
• Gratis-for-all (a family unit that fights in a "free-for-all" style, though may get polarized when range of possible choices is express.)

Children [edit]

Different divorce, and to a bottom extent, separation, there is often no record of an "intact" family being dysfunctional. As a result, friends, relatives, and teachers of such children may exist completely unaware of the situation. In add-on, a child may be unfairly blamed for the family unit's dysfunction, and placed nether even greater stress than those whose parents separate.

The six basic roles [edit]

Children growing up in a dysfunctional family have been known to adopt or be assigned ane or more of the following six basic roles:^{[fourteen] [15]}

• The Golden Kid (also known as the Hero or Superkid ^[16]): a child who becomes a loftier achiever or overachiever outside the family (e.thousand., in academics or athletics) as a means of escaping the dysfunctional family environment, defining themselves independently of their role in the dysfunctional family, currying favor with parents, or shielding themselves from criticism by family unit members.
• The Problem Child, Rebel, or Truth Teller:^[17] the child who a) causes almost problems related to the family's dysfunction or b) "acts out" in response to preexisting family dysfunction, in the latter case frequently in an attempt to divert attending paid to some other fellow member who exhibits a pattern of similar misbehavior.
  • A variant of the "problem child" role is the Scapegoat, who is unjustifiably assigned the "problem child" role by others within the family or fifty-fifty wrongfully blamed by other family unit members for those members' own individual or commonage dysfunction, often despite beingness the merely emotionally stable member of the family.
• The Caretaker: the one who takes responsibleness for the emotional well-being of the family unit, often assuming a parental role; the intra-familial analogue of the "Practiced Child"/"Superkid."
• The Lost Child or Passive Child:^[18] the inconspicuous, introverted, placidity one, whose needs are usually ignored or hidden.
• The Mascot or Family unit Clown:^[19] uses comedy to divert attending away from the increasingly dysfunctional family unit system.
• The Mastermind: the opportunist who capitalizes on the other family members' faults to get whatever they want; ofttimes the object of appeasement by grown-ups.

Effects on children [edit]

Children of dysfunctional families, either at the time, or as they grow older, may besides:^[14]

• Lack the ability to be playful, or childlike, and may "grow upwardly as well fast"; conversely they may abound up too slowly, or be in a mixed mode (due east.g. well-behaved, but unable to treat themselves.)
• Have moderate to severe mental health issues, including possible depression, feet,^[20] and suicidal thoughts.
• Get addicted to drugs, including cigarettes or booze, particularly if parents or friends accept washed the same.
• Developing behavioral addictions to such things like gambling, excessive spending, video games, pornography, or nutrient; the latter often resulting in obesity or/and other concrete health issues.
• Bully or harass others, or be an easy victim thereof (mayhap taking a dual function in different settings.)
• Be in denial regarding the severity of the family's state of affairs.
• Take mixed feelings of love–hate towards certain family members.
• Go a sex offender, possibly including pedophilia.^[21]
• Take difficulty forming salubrious relationships within their peer group (usually due to shyness or a personality disorder.)
• Spend an inordinate amount of fourth dimension alone watching television, playing video games, surfing the Internet, listening to music, going out for late night drives solitary, and engaging in other activities which lack in-person social interaction.
• Experience angry, anxious, depressed, isolated from others, or unlovable.
• Have a speech disorder (related to emotional abuse.)^[22]
• Distrust others or fifty-fifty take paranoia.
• Become a juvenile delinquent and plow to a life of crime (with or without dropping out of schoolhouse), and possibly become a gang fellow member also.
• Struggle academically at school or academic performance declines unexpectedly.
• Have low self-esteem or a poor cocky image with difficulty expressing emotions.
• Do not pay close attention to their own concrete or mental wellness
• May be at hazard of self-harm or suicide.
• Exhibits lack of organization in their day to day lives.
• Rebel against parental authority, or conversely, uphold their family'southward values in the face of peer pressure, or even attempt to take an impossible "middle ground" that pleases no one.
• Turning the tables by abusing their abusive elderly parents, upon the sometime reaching machismo.
• Recall only of themselves to make upward the difference of their childhoods (equally they are still learning the balance of self-love.)
• Take niggling self-field of study when parents are non around, such as compulsive spending, procrastinating besides close to deadlines, etc. (unfamiliar, inchoate, and seemingly lax or avoidable real-earth consequences vs. known, physical, and rigidly imposed parental consequences.)
• Find an (often abusive) spouse or partner at a young age, or run away from abode.
• Become meaning or a parent of illegitimate children.
• Exist at risk of becoming poor or homeless, even if the family is already wealthy or centre-class.
• Alive a reclusive lifestyle without any spouse, partner, children, or friends.
• Have auto-destructive or potentially self-damaging behaviors.
• Bring together a cult to find the acceptance they never had at home, or at a minimum, have differing philosophical or religious beliefs from what they were previously taught.
• Strive (as immature adults) to live far away from particular family members or the family unit every bit a whole, possibly spending much more time with extended family unit.
• Perpetuate dysfunctional behaviors in other relationships (especially their own children.)

In popular culture [edit]

• Films virtually dysfunctional families
• Television series near dysfunctional families
  • Animated boob tube series nearly dysfunctional families

See likewise [edit]

• Rotten kid theorem
• Abnormality (beliefs)
• Alcoholism in family systems
• Domestic violence
• Family nexus
• Family unit therapy
• Harry Stack Sullivan
• Identified patient
• Karpman Drama Triangle
• Multisystemic therapy (MST)
• Narcissistic parent
• Parental alienation
• Parenting styles
• Psychological manipulation
• Factitious disorder imposed on another

References [edit]

1. ^ Masteller, James; Stoop, David (1991). "The Blame Game". Forgiving Our Parents, Forgiving Ourselves: Healing Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families (revised and updated ed.). ReadHowYouWant.com (published 2011). p. 222. ISBN9781459622937 . Retrieved 20 October 2019. People who grew upwardly in dysfunctional families oftentimes feel that everything that goes incorrect in the earth is their mistake.
2. ^ Xiang, Shiyuan; Liu, Yan; Lu, Yitian; Bai, Lu; Xu, Shenghan (Feb 2020). "Exploring the family origins of adolescent dysfunctional separation–individuation". Journal of Kid and Family Studies. 29 (2): 382–391. doi:x.1007/s10826-019-01644-w. ISSN 1062-1024.
3. ^ Kerr, Michael E.; Bowen, Murray (1988-10-17). Family unit Evaluation: an approach based on Bowen theory. Due west. W. Norton & Visitor. ISBN978-0393700565.
4. ^ Millett, Kate (1998). "The Theory of Sexual Politics". In Marsh, Ian; Campbell, Rosie; Keating, Mike (eds.). Classic and Contemporary Readings in Sociology. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315840154. ISBN978-0582320239. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2015-01-25 .
5. ^ Napier, Nancy J. (April 1990). Recreating Your Self: Help for Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families. ISBN978-0393028423.
6. ^ Kaslow, Florence W. (January 1996). Handbook of Relational Diagnosis and Dysfunctional Family Patterns. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN978-0471080787.
7. ^ Hsieh, Yi-Ping; Shen, April Chiung-Tao; Hwa, Hsiao-Lin; Wei, Hsi-Sheng; Feng, Jui-Ying; Huang, Soar Ching-Yu (Jan 2021). "Associations Between Child Maltreatment, Dysfunctional Family Environment, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Children'south Bullying Perpetration in a National Representative Sample in Taiwan". Periodical of Family unit Violence. 36 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00144-vi. ISSN 0885-7482.
8. ^ Blair, Justice; Blair, Rita (April 1990). The Abusing Family unit (Revised ed.). Insight Books. ISBN978-0306434419.
9. ^ ^{a b c d east f g} Neuharth, Dan (1999). If You Had Controlling Parents: How to Make Peace with Your Past and Have Your Place in the Globe. Diane Publishing Visitor. ISBN978-0788193835.
10. ^ "Praise, encouragement and rewards". Raising Children Network. 2011-04-ten. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28.
11. ^ [nine] https://www.lifehack.org/350678/13-signs-toxic-parent-that-many-people-dont-realize
12. ^ Kagan, Richard; Schlosberg, Shirley (1989-03-17). Families in Perpetual Crunch. Due west. W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0393700664.
13. ^ Whiteman, Shawn D.; McHale, Susan M.; Soli, Anna."Theoretical Perspectives on Sibling Relationships" Archived 2017-11-15 at the Wayback Machine, J Fam Theory Rev., 2012 Jun ane; Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 124–139, PMC 3127252.
14. ^ ^{a b} Forgiving Our Parents: For Developed Children from Dysfunctional Families by Dwight Lee Wolter c. 1995.^{[ full citation needed ]} Except where individually noted
15. ^ Polson, Beth; Newton, Miller (1984). Non My Kid: A Family unit'due south Guide to Kids and Drugs. Arbor Books / Kids of Northward Jersey Nurses. ISBN978-0877956334.
16. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 81–84
17. ^ [Polson and Newton, pp. 84–85]
18. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 86–90
19. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 85–86
20. ^ "Good parents 'buffer' their kids' minds". The Sydney Forenoon Herald. AAP. 2010-09-21. Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2012-06-13 .
21. ^ Glasser, M.; Kolvin, I.; Campbell, D.; Glasser, A.; Leitch, I.; Farrelly, S. (December 2001). "Wheel of child sexual abuse: Links betwixt being a victim and becoming a perpetrator". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 179 (6): 482–494. doi:10.1192/bjp.179.half-dozen.482. PMID 11731348.
22. ^ "Child Abuse". Long Beach Fire Department Training Heart. 2009-09-19. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31.

Farther reading [edit]

• Lundy Bancroft, "Why Does He Practise That? Inside the Minds of Angry and Decision-making Men" 2002 Berkley Books, ISBN 0-399-14844-ii
• John Bradshaw, Healing the Shame That Binds You
• John Bradshaw, Homecoming: Reclaiming and Healing Your Inner Child
• John Bradshaw, Bradshaw On: The Family
• Stephanie Donaldson-Pressman, The Egotistic Family. Diagnosis and Treatment
• Beth Polson and Miller Newton, Not My Kid: A Family's Guide to Kids and Drugs, Arbor Books / Kids of Northward Jersey Nurses, 1984, ISBN 978-0877956334,
• Charles 50. Whitfield, Healing the Child Inside: Discovery and Recovery for Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families

External links [edit]

brentnalleirs1939.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_family

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